Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2 Free Essays

string(107) established with the expansive methodologies that may even liken the individual perception’s regarding credibility. This article is about Gwendolyn who was the artist musician and the Goodtime Gang happened to be her band. Gwendolyn’s claim is over age seven (7) wherein her run of the mill execution may remember the inclusion of guidelines for preschool, for example, the â€Å"Bingo and The Itsy Spider†. She has additionally some unique pieces handling the subjects of human life structures with the accentuation of sharing. We will compose a custom article test on Development and Emerging Adulthood P 2 or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Gwendolyn was twenty-eight years of age and said to play out the Raggedy Ann dress, known to be the braids that are visual artist and the socks are knee-high. She acted in one of the dance club of Los Angeles that even performs for such horde of fans wherein the thought is surely solid drinking reaching out past the undiluted. A large number of the crowd are sitting crossed-legged on the floor wherein the mixed drinks may even roost of the knees impressively bouncing. Gwendolyn has no offspring of her own however the majority of her melodies are unquestionably for youngsters as roused by a four (4) year old child inside me that played out the music of kids for the adults crowd that is totally more than the songbird of trendy person which was then completely liberating.â The inward kids are having a ton of fun all finished and whether the insignificant reality of purchasing vehicles as the consumers’ advertise at their half age, the infant doll designs of dressing might be the holding over the rounds of Twister and simultaneously kickball with the new type of the semi grown-up who is the culture’s co-selecting with the kids as never been. Generally have their bustling lives with the duties among grown-up with the employments as to be sure conscious and the offspring of their own. They are not totally been view as hindered young people wherein the are supposed to be something hence, the adults may occasion develop the preferences for the items just as Call’s diversion with rejuveniles. Blend: As far as Ethos of the Article, the speaker is persuading as far as the nearness of far reaching proof. As expressed by Nielsen Media, the examination made demonstrated that the more grown-ups at age eighteen (18) to forty-nine years of age may even watch the Network relating to Cartoon than viewing CNN. There are more than thirty-5,000,000 individuals that had the option to find the tragically deceased buddies of school on the Web webpage Classmates.com. The marking on this site has its verification of making sixteen again and the supposed â€Å"60 Minutes II† relates to this as for sure detailed. The fluffy night robe which were joined to the feet may come in the spans of grown-up at its Target that is alongside the undies of Scooby Doo. As contemplated the computer game of normal age is currently twenty-nine (29) that is up from just eighteen in the year 1990, as per the amusement Software Association. Another fascination is the animation Hello Kitty confronting the toasters’ graces wherein the Sea Monkeys may come in the arrangement of official. Road Q is known as the stars of the manikins named the manikins of googly-looked at that even wrestle with the mistake in vocation and blended such Mastercards with connections disappointment. The piece of joy in show that is close to the manikin sex is the genuine attachments’ rediscovery with the animals like those of youngsters as talked about by Jeff Whitty who happened t be the librettist. This may stir the child in us. There was no single word rising with the phenomenon’s portrayal however a portion of the couple of expressions in vocabulary showcasing may even depict a portion of the significant viewpoints. Something else is the notice in San Franciscoâ with the firm Odiorne Wilde Narraway and Partners may call with the retro brands resurgence who were among eighteen (18) to in any event thirty-four (34) years olds. There are likewise article logos as utilized so as to pull in more crowd and Peter mayhem as made by the Toymakers may now train in on kidult which was characterized by the organization of Italian named Kidult Games wherein most grown-ups may take care the child inside. The specialists at the Foundation of MacArthur study the adultolescents with the said twenty (20) to thirty (30) something’s living at home and still relied upon the money related help of most guardians including the feelings. A portion of the advertisers may court the direct restores like for example, the mother and daughter’s companionship wherein this may approach the resuscitated line of promotion for such restored line of the dolls by Strawberry Shortcake while the others may talk with the spirit of revive by methods for basic offering to numerous children. The component of Honda including the Tonka like is in reality the presentation of such smaller than normal truck by the organization as far as residence room’s blend with the camp’s base assigned for the purchasers who are more youthful dynamic and had the option to advertise at the outrageous games just as the riding occasions. The normal age as far as the Element drivers, Mr. Boyd talk about the normal age of the drivers’ component with expectation that concerning the new definition as far as family purchaser, somebody wouldn't like to surrender the supposed character of an individual however they are for sure getting more established. There is no new things found with respect to the delighting grown-ups in the way of life of kiddies wherein Shirley Temple, Ronald Dahl including Pee Wee Herman had a lot of fans among the grown-up and the scientists in market may even say that the immaturity solid way may begin around two years back. The wellspring of validity might be utilized as the development as analyzed as far as sociologies wherein the ongoing work may found the presence of help concerning the three measurements as related to work from the year 1950s through the 180s with predictable disclosure as far as two measurements, the capability and the character including different measurements like for example dynamism as established with the expansive methodologies that may even compare the individual perception’s as far as believability. You read Development and Emerging Adulthood P 2 in classification Exposition models Returning to Mr. Furendi may begin the exploration may call as the development of hesitant regarding youthfulness that is after the school spotting for most understudies who are viewing with Teletubbies in the bar of most college. The scene that may stick as a main priority might have the option to think with the wave’s agent with infantilism that clears with Britain and past. The event is as far as support with Mr. Furendi as the characteristic outrageous reacting to the way of life of media comparing to be more seasoned with being square and simultaneously more youthful but being pertinent. These days, the method of exhibiting the value is up to the degree wherein there still live performances impressively awesome with the still player. Yet, huge numbers of the individuals who had the option to fit with the best profile had the option to grow up with the wearing of Sesame Street T-shirts or the skin knees of joint and simultaneously the engine bikes demanding with the persistent Peter Pans or the experts of the supposed kitsch. Concerning numerous portrayals there is such close to wild impulse staying to be energetic, simultaneously adaptable and fun in the said face of real factors like the home loans that is extensively of fixed-rate or the garden care. Like for example, Mitch Anthony, the leader of brand just as the plan firm in the Northampton, mass is without a doubt undeniable grown-up wherein the youngsters might be nearer in full as far as suits and the fence significantly picket costing $ 10,000. The said approach after arriving at 50th birthday celebration, there is no supreme explanation surrendering the vast majority of the doing as affection for the child that despite everything biking. The adoration for hanging with companions and with joy of discussing sex is the normal things done by more youthful ages. Restores may completely save with the most profound regard for most grown-ups as far as the board as far as both taking consideration with the business and setting aside a few minutes for the said playing. Reaction Bryan Page, the known teacher of human studies including the department’s director at Miami University may play the history with respect to the diversion or children’s arrangement moving into the jobs of grown-up. The totality of dynamic was the inversion of such play turning into the main role and simultaneously esteem with numerous existences of grown-up. This is about the flanking of the hallowed wherein the verifiable point of view might be having its whole in reverse. Most restores may even reject the enthusiasms’ thought who are being immature in any case like for example the thankfulness on Chipmunks as far as recording is undoubtedly clever during the period as examined by Jacob Austen who is thirty-four (34) years of age, known to be the essayist of Chicago and the music authority by Alvin just as the Chipmunks as a feature of the class among the fanatics of music youngsters with the love called the rat rock. Mr. Austen had the option to create the move program among the kids in Chicago with the location in free as far as TV saying that perhaps the best diversion among the children is without a doubt widespread. Amusingly, most children as experienced in the real may not be thinking lesser about the stuff which may charm the revives and the taking of the Music Project in the Schools of Langley that is â€Å"Innocence and Despair†, with the Canadian CD the offspring of school with the adulated by preferences of David Bowie and John Zorn calling with nothing that is completely lesser than the music contacting with the heart so that there is no other music which has ever had. The center might be the originations of change

Further Study

Recording reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recording reality - Essay Example Simon Cowel, who was one of the appointed authorities of the Pop Idol show quit and launced his own show, the X factor and possessed its TV rights. Be that as it may, there was an apparent closeness between the two shows and this made a lawful contest. The main existing contrast between the shows is that in Idol, makes a decision about just sued to censure the exhibitions of the challengers, dissimilar to in the X factor where the adjudicators tutors the members. Members/hopefuls have kept on picking up fame and exposure out of interest in this show. What's more, the triumphant individual gets the prize of a chronicle contract (Blanco, 2014). The ability show is principally worried about finding a potential pop star individual or a gathering, singing ability, character and appearance, stage nearness and schedules of move, all these are key components of the participant’s exhibitions. In the underlying shows, every hopeful performs once in the primary show within the sight of some studio crowd just as judges, singing over a pre-recorded type of a sponsorship track. Artists are additionally highlighted in the entire procedure. Hopefuls are additionally permitted to convey with themselves guitars, a piano, or some other singing instrument. The X factor ability show is planned for improving the lives of members who have singing gifts. Ben Haenow won the X factor and he could barely handle it, this experience changed as long as he can remember. Different reasons for the ability show include: Though not every person confesses to being a devotee of the ability appear, its solid intrigue has spread over ages from various sexual orientation and financial foundations. Notwithstanding the motivations behind amusement and developing gifts, the show additionally presents a mass showcasing open door for organizations and associations in the UK. Brands pay cash as far as premium for them to contact huge crowds on the X factor particularly on ITV. Any individual of all ages and the individuals who accept that they have singing abilities are consistently

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay

This essayist has been educating for as long as twelve years; the presentation came at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus in the wake of graduating with a BSc. in Sociology and Politics where I previously began mentoring in Introduction to Caribbean Politics and Sociology in the undergrad program. Following multi year of working in organization full-time and mentoring low maintenance, I concluded that work area work was not for me as I felt just as I would leave mind (actually, as the activity held no difficulties for me and there was no possibilities of advancement to whatever else however more ‘paper pushing’. To that end I applied to various colleges in the United Kingdom and was fruitful. While concentrating in the United Kingdom for my Masters of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice, I showed English as a Foreign Language to French and Italian understudies that late spring in 1999. On come back from the United Kingdom n September 1999, I began instructing in the Division of General/Continuing Education where I showed Caribbean Politics and Society, Ethics and Citizenship (Cores) and Introduction to Sociology (Elective) to the general undergrad populace; and resume coaching in the Department of Government, Sociology and Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Cave Hill Campus. In April 2000 I began educating in the Division of Commerce in the Department of Government and Political Studies and have since become the Head of the Department with obligation regarding the Politics program. Throughout the mid year of that year I addressed Introduction to Sociology in the Summer School Program. I was approached to plan a course for the Regional Police Training Center to supplant a past course; this was known as The Sociology of Crime and I was approached to show the equivalent. My enthusiasm for showing additionally drove me to make various courses at the school and one such course, The Sociology of Crime (Corrections Aspect) was embraced by the Training Division for a quickened instructional class 2 for Prison Officers at Her Majesty’s Prisons; this I was co-picked to educate too. To date I remain the Head of Department, Government and Political Studies and I am low maintenance teacher/guide in FOUN 1301 †Law, Governance, Economy and Caribbean Society at the Cave Hill Campus, low maintenance speaker in Drugs and Society (Summer School Program), low maintenance Tutor at the Regional Police Training Center and Her Majesty’s Prisons Dodds. The portfolio has been characterized as â€Å"a methodical and sorted out assortment of proof utilized by the instructor and understudy to screen development of the student’s information, aptitudes, and perspectives in a particular subject area† (Blake et al. 1995). Others (DeBruin-Parecki, et al. , 1997) have given an increasingly contemporary view which imagines the portfolio as â€Å"a deliberate, communitarian, self-intelligent assortment of understudy work created during the procedure of instruction†. This paper is planned to push the author to deliberately check her advancement toward the showing calling by building up a portfolio. All the more critically, it is proposed to help other instructor competitors think brilliantly on their choices and encounters. Foundations of higher learning the country over are reacting to political, financial, social and innovative weights to be progressively receptive to students’ requirements and increasingly worried about how well understudies are set up to expect future cultural jobs. Workforce are as of now feeling the strain to address less, to make learning conditions progressively intuitive, to incorporate innovation into the learning experience, and to utilize community oriented learning techniques when suitable. The accentuation of figuring out how to learn in educational plan change has motioned to instructors to receive understudy focused techniques of educating and various methods of evaluation. The reason for the prior can be found in the Ministry of Education White Paper on Education Reform (1995). During the researcher’s long stretches of training she has watched some ominous social abilities being shown by understudies in the study hall. Straightforward civilities, for example, sharing or 3 saying â€Å"good-morning† give off an impression of being vanishing from the propensities for certain understudies. This is indicative of the genuine fundamental issues in our general public that should be tended to direly. The consistency with which some reference is made to the lead of our childhood, regardless of whether it is by instructors, guardians, the media or society in general is vexing. If not checked, these kids bring negative practices into their grown-up lives and this can be adverse to the general public all in all. Agreeable/communitarian learning, portfolio evaluation and critical thinking/basic deduction, as an elective appraisal, are progressively being utilized in advanced education offices around the globe and here at the Barbados Community College, explicitly in the Department of Government and Political Studies. Before leaving on this course of study, a significant part of the information this essayist worked with and under was done dependent on what was never needed as an understudy, the old method of minor â€Å"pallaring†. Remarkably, the change from tuning in to instructors educate and responding to assessment inquiries to stepping up to the plate and learn and exhibiting skill with self-chose proof is an incredible test to the understudies. This paper initially talks about the different requirements and troubles of utilizing, helpful/community oriented learning, portfolio and critical thinking/basic speculation as evaluation and instructional techniques. The paper closes with a conversation of the suggestions for fruitful utilization of these three techniques as a valuable type of educating and appraisal can be estimated simultaneously. Remembered for this paper will be instances of ancient rarities of each showing system alongside a reason and depiction of instructing methodology. It tends to be affirmed that numerous understudies discover the progress into Higher Education very troublesome, especially in the event that they have not read for some timeframe; likewise originating from the secondary school condition the equivalent is gotten the same number of these understudies have been ‘spoon fed’ and think that its difficult to receive the new method of instructing. It is against this scenery that the author format this paper considering different showing techniques, to be specific Cooperative/Collaborating Learning, Portfolios, and Problem Solving/Critical Thinking. Encouraging methodologies can be characterized accordingly as manners by which instructional material and exercises are introduced and led with an end goal to address the issues of each understudy. Prominently, encouraging systems will differ from guide to coach and is typically founded on which technique/procedure (ies) a specific mentor is most calm in utilizing and its viability. Then again an encouraging strategy is a method of introducing instructional materials or directing instructional exercises. The utilization of this portfolio is planned as an instructive device to introduce information increase through intensive perusing and dependent on the data introduced by the different gatherings in the course. This training system can be utilized to improve the perspectives and execution of Tutors and Teachers inside the study hall. It comprises of reflections, relics and projections on each showing system I. e. ooperative/community oriented learning, portfolios, and critical thinking/basic reasoning. Prominently, setting up clear, pragmatic homeroom rules toward the beginning of the school year can assist you with keeping understudies on target to learning while at the same time advancing great conduct and obligation. Systems concentrated on expanding understudy interest and learning were created and executed in three statics segments of fluctuating sizes in the course of the most recent two years. In general understudy view of these procedures and their effect on learning in three areas of various size is truly positive. Moreover, investigation of understudy evaluations gathered by combined GPA shows various techniques are seen as accommodating by various gatherings of understudies. Nonetheless, executing a mix of techniques appears to support all gatherings. A large number of these procedures work over all class measures and don't require noteworthy interest in innovation or equipment. Be that as it may, more work should be done to decide the impact of these techniques on real understudy learning or execution. 5 An expression of alert is suitable. This paper portrays various systems however note that methodologies without anyone else may not improve understudy learning. How methodologies are executed by the teacher and the instructor’s mentality assumes a huge job in understudy learning. A fitting statement originates from Louis Schmier: â€Å"Education without mindful, without a spirit, without a soul, without reason past topic is as suitable as an individual with a cerebrum yet without heart. Instructional method, innovation, and procedures are not a viable alternative for adoration and caring†. A Reflective Paper on the utilization of Cooperative/Collaborative Learning as a Teaching Strategy Cooperation is cooperating to achieve shared objectives. Inside helpful exercises people look for results that are valuable to themselves and advantageous to all other gathering individuals. Helpful learning is the instructional utilization of little gatherings so understudies cooperate to boost their own and each other’s learning. The thought is straightforward. Class individuals are sorted out into little gatherings in the wake of getting guidance from the educator.

The Odyssey – What Is a Hero

Ashley Literature and Composition 1 8 March 2010 â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer What is a legend? One who holds a pleased face or acquires a solid form? Various societies and ethnicities may have their own, novel meaning of a saint. In spite of the fact that the Greeks accepted that such a principled individual is somebody that individuals gaze upward to, and a title, for example, this can't be presented to the common. In Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey†, it is Odysseus who has the genuine attributes of a saint intelligence, dedication and demonstrating moral improvement.Homer portrays Odysseus as an astute individual; this announcement is demonstrated actuality when in the cavern of the Cyclops Polyphemus, Odysseus’s first idea was to execute the goliath. Rather than following up on his first musings Odysseus sets aside the effort to utilize his insight and understand that Polyphemus is the main way out of the cavern. Odysseus offers wine to Polyphemus who at that point asks his providers’ name, Odysseus cleverly answers with â€Å"Nohbody: mother, father, and companions, everybody calls me Nohbody† (Homer Lines 360-361). Indeed, even as he talked, he reeled and tumbled in reverse, his incredible head lolling to the other side and rest took him like any creature† (Lines 360-366). Odysseus and his men daze Polyphemus while dozing which brings about the mammoth shouting to his siblings that, â€Å"Nohbody, Nohbody’s deceived me. Nohbody’s destroyed me! † and nobody went to his associate (Line 443). In this model, Odysseus shows his insight, an attribute one can deduce that the Greeks appreciated, by misleading Polyphemus to spare the lives of his men.Also, after 2 eturning home to Ithaca to discover numerous admirers asking for his wife’s submit marriage, Odysseus camouflages himself as a poor person to keep away from consideration. The apparently hobo from the outset enters the home of Odysseus to observe the passionate obliteration of his better half Penelope. Odysseus is masked until the last conceivable second when he in the end uncovers himself in the wake of finishing the errand to win Penelope’s turn in marriage. Odysseus is a wonder character whose qualities permit perusers to construe that the Greeks held the characteristic f knowledge in regard for a legend. During 720 BC, when â€Å"The Odyssey† was first distributed, the book clarified that Odysseus favored not to do battle, particularly a war battled for an unfaithful lady. The Greeks gave no indications of unfaithfulness as a good attribute for any man or lady, along these lines when Odysseus is depicted as an unwavering man, he is quickly arranged as a saint. To a degree Odysseus’s courage can be validated by Athena’s steady help, and furthermore demonstrating his dedication to the Greek Gods during his twenty years from home.Locked away on the goddess Calypso’s island, Odys seus, regardless of the fascination he feels toward the sprite goddess, remained as reliable as conceivable to his Penelope demonstrating his committed love for her. Calypso had offered him everlasting status and a real existence bound her, however in view of his one objective, (to get back) Odysseus decays the offer demonstrating his faithful character. Alongside the guaranteed devotion to his better half, Odysseus was similarly dedicated to his men. When despite risk, his men sought Odysseus for help and direction realizing that he will go to their aide.An case of this common relationship is when Odysseus and his devotees arrived on the island of Aeaea, where they rested to renew their quality. His men were partitioned down the middle and Odysseus and his half of devotees remained behind when the remainder of his men ventured through the island to examine. Subsequent to finding the castle of the goddess Circe the men were 3 invited into the royal residence by the goddess herself. One man, Eurylochus, detected threat and remained covered up outside while the others ate and drank the delights gave by Circe.The win was sedated, making the men overlook all recollections of their home. Subsequent to sedating the men, Circe utilized her contorted enchantment and changed the men into pig. Eurylochus immediately came back to Odysseus and clarified the underhanded doings of Circe. Odysseus headed out to the place of the goddess alone, where she welcomed him in and gave him the equivalent medicated wine. With the assistance of the Messenger God Hermes, Odysseus figured out how to get away from the enchantment of Circe and compromised her with his blade into changing his men back.Taking obligation regarding his men’s lives and yielding his own as opposed to fleeing from the risk is confirmation of his faithful character. Odysseus’s standard property is devotion which the Greeks accept, is in having a place with a gallant figure. Everybody merits another o pportunity; gaining from your errors gives proof of your improving character. All through â€Å"The Odyssey† one may offer remarks about the various issues they find in Odysseus’s character, for example, his adoration for wonder, and his standing arrogance.However, approaching the finish of the story Odysseus doesn't promptly respond savagely upon the ghastly sight of the numerous admirers wrecking the core of his Penelope. Rather than acting rapidly, Odysseus calmly holds up until the ideal time to uncover his personality and shock the admirers with their own passing. Learning and improving your notoriety are the characteristics one can construe from the epic that were enormously appreciated by the Greeks as a chivalrous attribute. During the period where saints were depicted as keen, faithful, and committed, Odysseus is portrayed as a model warrior in Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† and a genuine chivalrous being.With his insight Odysseus spares the lives of his dedicated supporters when a urgent circumstance calls for legend. His dependability gives consolation to his significant other 4 Penelope and his men that he will before long get back. Odysseus shows his improving character by gaining from his past errors to improve what's to come. These attributes are only a couple of qualities that the Greeks, during Homer’s timespan, held in the most elevated respect for a legend. 5 Works Cited Homer. â€Å"The Odyssey†. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973

What Is the Fear and Phobia of Bees

What Is the Fear and Phobia of Bees Phobias Types Print Overview of the Fear of Bees (Apiphobia) By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on August 17, 2019 Cheyenne Montgomery/Moment/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Known as apiphobia, the irrational fear of bees is arguably one of the most common specific animal phobias. Like all phobias, the fear of bees may have many different causes. Some people develop a phobia after being stung or watching someone else get stung, but prior exposure is not necessary for the fear to occur. Symptoms There is a distinct difference between fearing and not wanting to get stung by a bee, and someone who is apiphobic. Those with apiphobia often find themselves in life-limiting situations, such as avoiding the outdoors in an effort to not come in contact with bees, or refusing to go out during certain climates when bees are more common. Bee Stings In most people, a bee sting is a mildly painful annoyance. Nonetheless, the experience can be frightening, especially for children. Bees often swarm, traveling together in tightly packed groups. Although it is relatively uncommon to be stung by more than one bee at once, it can certainly happen, especially if the hive is disturbed. Being attacked by numerous bees simultaneously may increase the risk of developing a phobia. Some people are highly allergic to bee stings. In people with an allergy, a single sting could cause a dangerous reaction, and multiple stings could easily lead to death. By definition, a phobia is irrational. For those who are allergic to bee stings, however, the fear is perfectly rational. If you are allergic to bees, then a fear of them is not considered a phobia. Killer Bees Bees take on the role of villain in numerous films, but the popular media may be to blame for some cases of apiphobia. So-called Africanized bees developed when specially bred African bees, believed to produce more honey, were accidentally released in the 1950s. The African bees mated with other species of wild bees, producing a strain of Africanized bees that are more aggressive than the relatively docile European bees. As the Africanized bees continue to spread across the world, the media reports on their progress, often greatly exaggerating their aggressive tendencies. The term killer bees is often used to describe this strain, even though they are responsible for only one or two deaths in the United States each year. Treatment Bees are exceptionally common, making it very difficult to avoid them. Fortunately, like all phobias, the fear of bees generally responds well to a variety of brief therapy options. Of course, if you are allergic to bee stings, it is important to work with your physician to develop an appropriate response to minimize your risks. Behavioral Therapy and Other Treatment for Phobias

Evolution or a Brand New Species Determining the Limits to Which Authors Can Challenge Conventions of Theater - Literature Essay Samples

The nature of evolution is change, continuous instances of reaction to what has come before. Therefore, literary history is defined by change as well. The great authors are those who questioned the accepted conventions of their time and altered them in a way that later became the norm. In some cases such questioning simply altered an existing form, but at times it has led to the creation of an entirely new genre or form of literature.Exemplary of this is the rise of the novel, a form which came into definite existence within the past few centuries. In the early phases of its development it was often viewed as a bastard child of other forms of prose, inferior to and destructive of, â€Å"purer† forms rather than as a viable option itself. Over time, however, it has become a respected and exceedingly popular literary form in its own right. Similarly, within the past several centuries authors have begun to question the conventions of theater to a degree to which they had not prev iously been challenged. It is even arguable that such reactionary theater at times goes beyond traditional convention to the point where it can no longer be considered theater itself.Six Characters in Search of Author, by Luigi Pirandello, is exemplary of this. The play begins with a rehearsal for another play, complete with all the actors, the director, the prompter, and the technicians. Soon, however, they are interrupted by six characters searching for an author to write their story into a script. Eventually the director agrees, convincing the characters to act out scenes from their story so that his actors can rehearse them. There prove to be far more difficulties with transferring them to theater than had been expected, however. In many ways, Six Characters seems like a staged critique of theater, even an outright attack on it. It lays the artificiality of the theater completely bare, not only revealing at various times all of the tricks employed to mimic reality – light s, set, rehearsal – but even drawing the audience’s attention to the impossibility of theater to accomplish its supposed goal. Theater is meant to mimic real life. Real life, however, is full of implausibilities, ones that humanity accepts without a quibble because they are true. In theater, however, everyone involved must toil endlessly in order to convince the audience that what they are portraying is plausible and, therefore, a convincing semblance of reality. Theater, therefore, is madness, and those who participate in it mad. The Father character explains this to the Director, thereby exposing it to the audience as well. When the Director angrily asks him, â€Å"So then, our profession is for crazy people, according to you?† he answers, â€Å"Sure, to make what is not true appear true without a need to do so: a kind of game† (Pirandello 12).The ability of theater to show real life becomes even more impossible because of the individualized nature of e xistence. In reality there is no author determining which bits of whose lives are significant. In reality each person experiences life completely differently from everyone else, and for him or her different occurrences have differing degrees of importance and meaning. Therefore, to put on a play is to rearrange the reality of every character. When the Stepdaughter characters tries to leave the theater, upset that her greatest moment will not make the script the Director is writing, he tells her,I’m sorry to have to tell you that yours is not the only part†¦You can’t have a character invading the scene and becoming so dominant that he overpowers the others. All of them have to be contained in a harmonious framework and then act out what is actable. I too am well aware of the fact that everyone has his own interior life which he would like to bring out into the open. But the difficulty is precisely this: to bring out into the open only what is important in reference to the others; and at the same time reveal through that little bit all of that unrevealed interior life! (Pirandello 49)Therefore, Pirandello shows the audience the extreme folly of the very concept of theater. It is not simply that it can never properly reflect reality but that it is, in fact, nothing like reality at all. Yet, at the same time, he explains to them what it is about theater that draws people. It is not that the audience sees reality on stage but that they see something more true and more meaningful. This construction of supposed reality around a central plot gives life and the humans who live it order and purpose. The Father character explains to the Director that â€Å"A character†¦can always ask a man who he is. Because a character truly has a life of his own, marked by his own characteristics, because of which he is always ‘someone’. On the other hand, a man†¦can be ‘nobody’† (Pirandello 55). Audiences are comforted by t heater’s depictions of life as something logical and true, peopled by humans with stable identities and clear purposes, but it is simply a faà §ade.So can Six Characters in Search of an Author still be considered theater? The entire work is devoted to deconstructing both the physical and conceptual elements of theater, with the all the dialogue of the play centring on the philosophical dispute between the characters and â€Å"real† people. The author even stipulates that the actors playing the â€Å"real† people should be called by their real names instead of providing character names for them, and they are the only ones instructed to improvise at times, allowing them to present themselves as much as possible rather than characters. Then too, he does not respect the space of the stage, constantly breaching the imaginary boundary between actors and audience by having characters run through the aisles and enter and exit through the literal doors of the theater, t he ones which lead outside.Therefore, it could not be any less theater without being clearly something else entirely. Yet, for all its reflexivity, it does have characters, action, a script, a set, lighting, rehearsal, costumes, a ticket booth, two acts to allow for intermission, and it is very entertaining. The story which the characters have to relay is dramatic, charged with an Oedipal sexual tension, and the interaction between the Director, actors, and characters is fascinating. Therefore, despite its biting meta-theater, it must be concluded that it remains theater itself. It is perhaps akin to Alexander Pope’s â€Å"On Critical Theory.† Though extremely self-reflexive in discussing the proper construction of poetry, and though it may in some ways be considered a hybrid between poetry and critical theory, it cannot be denied that it is, itself, a poem as well. Therefore, in the same way, though Six Characters in Search of an Author is very much a work of critical theory, it is simultaneously a very good play.Upon reaching such a conclusion about Six Characters, it seems pre-determined that Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot would qualify as theater as well. Unlike in Six Characters, the actors in Godot do not breach the fourth wall. Also unlike in Six Characters, the word â€Å"theater† is not used once in Godot. Though the play questions conventions of theater, it does so mainly by example, by presenting a play which does not conform to such conventions, rather than through direct philosophical argument. The action in the play consists of two men, Estragon and Vladimir, waiting under a tree for Godot to come. In each act two other men, Pozzo and Lucky, happen to venture by their tree and interact with Vladimir and Estragon for several minutes before once again departing. At the end of each act, a boy appears to let Vladimir and Estragon know that Godot is not coming.This is the entirety of the action that occurs in the play. There is no tight plot or even continuous thread of conversation topic that moves the play forward, and the beginning and end are indefinite. Nor does it provide deep character sketches or even witty repartee. The characters are quite cartoonish and child-like, while their dialogue often seems completely nonsensical. By contemporary conventional standards, it is appalling. Martin Esslin explains in â€Å"Introduction: The Absurdity of the Absurd,† â€Å"Inevitably, plays written in this new convention will, when judged by the standards and criteria of another, be regarded as impertinent and outrageous postures† (27). Therefore the majority of the well-educated rejected Godot when it was first put on. It was too alien, departing too far from their conventional vision of theater.Over time, however, the elite came to recognize the theater of the absurd as highly intellectual and deemed it something one must be well-educated to fully appreciate. Yet when presented to the i nmates at a prison in San Francisco, it was understood immediately. Not only did the men enjoy the play, but they recognized the symbolic meaning of Godot and the desperate actions of the waiting men. Esslin writes that this surprising reception occurred â€Å"perhaps because they were unsophisticated enough to come to the theatre without any preconceived notions and ready-made expectations, so that they avoided the mistake that trapped so many established critics, who condemned the play for its lack of plot, development, characterization, suspense, or plain common sense† (27). Therefore, though Waiting for Godot questioned conventions of theater, it is not a departure from theater itself but simply from the contemporary style of theater to which it was a reaction. When presented outside the culture that established such conventions it is a successful piece of theater, as it is in today’s culture.Of the three authors here discussed, Brecht, despite the fact that he is both famous and infamous for his radical theories, is perhaps the easiest to reconcile as remaining within the defining limits of theater. Since the publication of his works, he has become a seminal literary figure, calling for theater that breaks the audience’s suspension of disbelief, thereby forcing them to examine the intellectual issues raised by each play rather than simply being swept along by the suspense and emotion of them. According to Brecht, theater must challenge the intellect of the audience, creating through this â€Å"alienation effect† sufficient distance from the world of the play that audience members are forced to use their critical faculties and reach their own conclusions concerning the issues raised by the performances.One way in which Brecht realizes this is his use of masks in the tradition of oriental theater. Unaccustomed as Western audiences are to such masks, they appear strange and highly artificial, thereby enhancing audience member†™s recognition of the play as artificial and creating an emotional and intellectual distance from the plight of the characters. Another technique is frequent direct address. For example, the characters often address the audience in the middle of their dialogue with another character. This sometimes happens at the height of a tense situation, thereby slowing down the action in order to force the audience to consider the intellectual issues at work beneath the emotional turmoil.For example, in one scene Yang Sun’s mother appears and says to the audience, â€Å"I must describe to you how the wisdom and discipline of our universally respected Mr. Shi Ta turned my son Sun from a broken wreck into a useful citizen† (Brecht 83). This has a startling effect on audiences. Though characters in earlier plays had often had internal dialogue with themselves aloud, Brecht here allows every character, not just a narrator as mediator, to see the audience and speak directly to them. Audiences are used to participating in the assumption that they are seeing a window into reality and, therefore, the characters are unaware of their existence. Here, however, rather than the characters as the object of the audience’s gaze, the audience becomes trapped within the gaze of the characters as well and is forced to realize their own participation in the horror and unfairness of life as portrayed by The Good Woman of Szechwan.Therefore, fourth wall is breached, but only conceptually. The actors physically remain on the stage. There is also a quickly moving plot with plenty of action, and the characters are given depth. Therefore, Brecht’s work remains an enjoyable piece of theater and is all the more stimulating for its unconventional techniques which force rational consideration of itself upon its audiences.Perhaps the only play here discussed that is truly crafted in a way that it may not be considered theater is Beckett’s Krapp’s Last Tape. T his is because, rather than simply questioning contemporary traditions of writing and acting, it defies the most basic principles that have defined the concept of theater throughout history. There is only one character and nothing that can be described as a plot. A man simply sits and listens to a recording of himself at a younger age, occasionally interjecting. Even the story of his life as told by his younger and older selves is heavily fragmented and difficult to follow. The majority of the sentences are incomplete. Its theatrical value appears to reside in the beauty of the words and its ability to convey the emotion of loss.In almost every way, then, Krapp’s Last Tape seems to have more in common with a dramatic poetry reading than a play. Perhaps the only difference is that the man on stage, rather than appearing as the author and narrator, instead appears in order to attempt to embody the character whose life is displayed through the words. It is the character rather t han the narrator speaking. Yet many modern lyrics have no narrator outside the character from whose perspective the poem is written. Indeed, it would seem one can only conclude that in Krapp’s Last Tape the conventions of theater are finally questioned so far that the â€Å"play† is not theater at all. It may be considered drama if there is a distinction to be made. Theater, however, it is not. Therefore, while it is possible to challenge convention to an astonishing degree while remaining within the framework of theater itself, as demonstrated in Six Characters in Search of an Author, and, to a lesser degree, in Waiting for Godot, and The Good Woman of Szechwan, there is a point at which such a challenge is forced outside theater itself in order to do so. One such point is Krapp’s Last Tape.

Child Sexual Abuse And Survivors - 900 Words

The highest concern for the article is identifying and treating child abuse, and survivors with a given respect to different cultures. It is important to understand that every culture is different in handling the treatment of their children. â€Å"If identifications and interventions with these families and their children are to be appropriate and successful, professionals must communicate effectively with one another and be consistent in the messages they are giving to the families† (Westby, 2007). Continuing with the third journal article, Action, Engagement, Remembering: Service for Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, researcher Bein studies how trauma creates invisible wounds that requires more than time to heal. Trust does not come easily for many survivors. Although, they may appear like everyone else, survivors are complex individuals. â€Å"Child sexual abuse is complex and can affect survivors in different ways in different areas over the years; trust, safety, power, physical health, emotional and spiritual wellbeing, and social relationships† (Bein, 2011). Child abuse is a subject that both perpetrators in conjunction with society abstain conversing about in the open. Teaching survivors’ communication enables both an opportunity to release a heavy burden, as well creates the first steps in rebuilding self-confidence. The article includes suggested strategize communication guidelines. â€Å"Some adult survivors of child sexual abuse have years of silence and obedience† (Bein,Show MoreRelatedThe On Adult Survivors Of Child Sexual Abuse1144 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of years, it is questionable that she struggled to identify the triggers of her panic attacks as documented in the CE. 2) Research has shown that adult survivors of child sexual abuse often have a myriad of physical and psychological symptoms related to the abuse. There is no clinical evidence of any physical symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, back pain, headaches, suicide attempts, and eating disorders, gastro intestinal or musculoskeletal complaints. It is unlikelyRead MoreA Study On Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors968 Words   |  4 Pagespresent in these survivors yet not detected, avoidant coping styles may be masking these individuals’ distress leading them to experience the related symptoms during later periods of life, or asymptomatic survivors may just be more resilient/surrounded by more resiliency factors (e.g. supportive reaction to disclosure of non-abusing parent(s)) (Collin-Và ©zina et al., 2013, pp. 4-5; Godbout et al., 2013, pp. 317-318; Hsu, et al., 2002, p. 1) That being said, most of the time CSA survivors are symptomaticRead MoreChild Sexual Abu se And Children1301 Words   |  6 PagesChild sexual abuse effects tens of thousands of children, and young teens every year. With the rate of this issues, parents and other adults are not prepared nor willing to deal with problems of their children or family members been sexual abused. Child sexual abuse can take many forms, but it’s always a violation of a young person’s rights, and it increases the risk of many adverse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, child sexual abuse is defined as direct genital contact and indirectRead MoreThe Effects and Outcome of Child Sexual Abuse 712 Words   |  3 PagesChild sexual abuse (CSA) is the act of engaging a child in unwanted sexual behavior and activities such as rape, incest, molestation, prostitution, and other forms of sexual exploitation (as cited by Goodyear-Brown, Fath, Myers, 2012, p. 4; McGarth, Nilsen, and Kerly, 2011, p. 485). From the efforts for child protective movement in the 1800s to the f eminist anti-rape movement a 100 years later in the 1970s that brought to light CSA as a crime against women (Whitter, 2009, p. 7), this type of abuseRead MoreThe Stigma Of Sexual Abuse1563 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of the stigma of sexual abuse survivors differs and to avoid a bias, social desirability plays an important role. Similarly, sexual abuse is a broad topic that should be discussed without discrimination and the definition of sexual abuse varies around the continent. Moreover, children, adolescence, adult, both male and female from different culture and background are susceptible to sexual abuse. On the other hand, there is a high prevalence rate of child sexual abuse worldwide and ways to reduceRead MoreSexual Assault Essay examples1113 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Assault described in technical terms is defined as any sort of sexual activity between two or more people in which one of the people involved is involved against his or her will. (3) The description of against his or her will extends to varying degrees of aggression, ranging from indirect pressure to a direct physical attack. While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of rape, it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape. What constitutes a sexual assault is determinedRead MoreMental Disorders Associated During Sexual Abuse Survivors1685 Words   |  7 PagesMental Disorders Associated in Sexual Abuse Survivors Victims of sexual abuse suffer from an array of issues, both physical and emotional. The most notable disorders are Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorder, and depression. According to Dr. Debra Rose Wilson, a faculty member at Middle Tennessee State University School of Nursing, a child will be changed for the rest of their lives after suffering from sexual abuse (Wilson 56). She writes that sexual abuse can be defined as any typeRead Morechild sexual abuse1658 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Child Sexual Abuse Siping Chen Laney College Psych 7A April 10, 2014 Child Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse does not have a universal definition. However, a central characteristic of any abuse is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity (American Psychological Association). Yet all offences that involve sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses and sexual exploitation, are justRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Child Maltreatment On Adult Survivors898 Words   |  4 PagesEFFECTS OF CHILD MALTREATMENT ON ADULT SURVIVORS Child maltreatment is a term that covers a broad spectrum of child mistreatment including, child abuse (physical, sexual, and emotional) and child neglect (emotional and physical). Long term effects of child maltreat vary depending on the severity of the abuse or neglect and the length of time that the child is exposed to the abuse (i.e. if it is a onetime event or ongoing chronic exposure). As Greeson, et al. (2011), points out, child maltreatmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Adults Sexual Behavior1521 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Adults Sexual Behavior Jamila Kamara Dr. Lauren Vansluytman Morgan State University Sexual abuse leaves many scars, creating feelings of guilt, anger, and fear that haunt survivors throughout their lives. These traumatic experiences can be detrimental to the victims’ sense of their own sexuality. Numerous individuals who have been abused have trouble pursuing adult relationships and engaging in sex  as an adult. The abuse can color a person s

Lord of the Flies and the Crucible - 1355 Words

Savagery, insanity and murder, one would never think that â€Å"innocent† children were capable of such appalling things, but maybe we are wrong. In both Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, and The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, both of these authors wrote about children acting as just that and many characters became very similar to each other. Each society had potential in being successful, but both had major flaws that key characters discovered and then used to tear the fragile fabric that the society was built on apart. The biggest flaw in both of the societies was that they were controlled by fear; it drove them to the point of no return in which they would have never reached under normal circumstances. When the source causing people to†¦show more content†¦These relate to each other because both Jack and Abigail found something that they could make up and use against other people so that they could get what they wanted. Although fearing each other can cause us to do strange things, fearing things that aren’t even there can cause us to act even stranger. The fear of the unknown in Lord of the Flies was the beast while in The Crucible it was witches. The littluns with the birthmark is the first one to mention the beast and introduces it â€Å"He wants to know what you’re going to do about the snake thing.† (Golding 35) This quote is referring to the beastie and it was the boy with the mulberry marks question. After he asked this many of the boys were scared and it was what started the whole fear of the beast. The fear of witches started with the girls when they were caught dancing in the woods. Abigail took advantage and so she didn’t get in trouble she convinced all of the other girls to go along with it and say that other people caused them to commit witchcraft. The girls would say that they saw things and act very strange at times as if they were possessed, striki ng fear into those around and causing the town to kill all who would make the girls act like this. These two relate because both of these fears occurred because of the situation that the kids were in. The strict religious base in The Crucible caused the girls to get too scared of their punishment andShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies And The Crucible Comparison Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesFear can cause people do some crazy actions. The book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding and the movie, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller both have many character traits in common. They both show variations of how everyone in both The Lord of the Flies and the Crucible, experience having the fear of the unknown. Each character from both the book and the movie express it in a different way. The fear of the unknown can haunt many characters. Parachute’s body and spectral evidence, Jack and AbigailRead MoreEssay about The Crucible with Lord of the Flies1088 Words   |  5 PagesGoldie Bi gnell The successful and what could have been successful societies in both Lord of the Flies and The Crucible eventually decayed and fell apart. There were struggles with good and evil in Salem and on the island that were the result of three main elements. Fear, misuse of power and fanatical religious beliefs were the cause of the two societies failure. In Salem, anything unusual or different from the norm was seen as alien and sinful. When Parris saw the girls dancing in the woodsRead MoreEssay on Comparing The Crucible and Lord Of The Flies1076 Words   |  5 Pages The successful and what could have been successful societies in both Lord of the Flies and The Crucible eventually decayed and fell apart. There were struggles with good and evil in Salem and on the island that were the result of three main elements. Fear, misuse of power and fanatical religious beliefs were the cause of the two societies failure. In Salem, anything unusual or different from the norm was seen as alien and sinful. When Parris saw the girls dancing in the woods, he became afraidRead MoreThe Crucible, The Lord Of The Flies, And The Book Thief1758 Words   |  8 Pagesones which already existed. To highlight this, I have selected the play, The Crucible, the movie, The Lord of the Flies, and the novel, The book Thief. For each I will analyse how each have affected my attitudes values and beliefs, how each have affected how I view the world and how each successfully use impactful aesthetic devices. ‘The Crucible’, was written during the McCarthy hearings of 1953 by Arthur miller. The Crucible is set in 1692 and takes place in the theocratic Puritan town known as SalemRead MoreBelonging the Crucible, Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm3249 Words   |  13 Pagesnot likely you will feel like you completely belong with them. In Arthur Millers The Crucible intolerance, hysteria and suspicion, greed (for wealth, land, power)and corruption of power turns a town against each other and highlights the different groups in the town and how they are linked or exiled from the rest of the town and how better understanding of each group could effect this. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding the different views and beliefs of Ralph and Jack and the need forRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding776 Words   |  3 PagesThe novel Lord of the Flies presents the themes of evil and sin as an innate, inevitable and negative feature throughout the novel, similar to the play The Crucible. William Golding uses Lord of the Flies as an allegory to present evil and sin through different symbols within the novel, with boys being trapped on an island. Arthur Miller presents evil and sin through a contextual, Puritan society within various characters. Even though both writers present these themes, Golding presents it in theRead MoreHuman Nature In Lord Of The Flies Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesHuman nature is the â€Å"general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind†. Between the Book, Lord of the flies and The Crucible, human nature is strongly portrayed through similar characters such as Simon and Mary Warren, Satan/Devil and the Beast, and Jack and Abigail. Simon and Mary Warren both share their wise and kind traits and being bringers of truth, while Satan/Devil and the Beast share the characteristic of exotic and the unknown, both are also able to bringRead MoreConflict Rises from Power Essay1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe times of the tragic witch trials The Crucible is a drama that shows power resting on moral, legal and religious dynamics that lead to inner, social and religious conflicts. Marking Time an ABC miniseries explores the inner conflict of Hal as he struggles to maintain his power by being with a group he does not really fit into, it also shows how the youth of society challenge authority which leads to social conflict between the two groups. Lord of the Flies a novel by William Golding about the savagenessRead More Conflict rises from power Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe times of the tragic witch trials The Crucible is a drama that shows power resting on moral, legal and religious dynamics that lead to inner, social and religious conflicts. Marking Time an ABC miniseries explores the inner conflict of Hal as he struggles to maintain his power by being with a group he does not really fit into, it also shows how the youth of society challenge authority which leads to social conflict between the two groups. Lord of the Flies a novel by William Golding about the savagenessRead MoreReverend Hale is Not Guilty931 Words   |  4 Pagesreal-life example of this is when Michael Morton got sentenced to life in prison when he was falsely accused of murdering his wife. Twenty-five years later, he was eventually exonerated from prison by the use of DNA evidence. In Arthur Millers ​The Crucible, while the witch trials were underway, situations like this were common occurrences. The play which took place in Salem, Massachusetts, was centered around many innocent people getting framed for witchcraft by licentious people who wante d to place

Veteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory

Veteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory Rates of mental illness are rising among Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. This social problem has had significant consequences, such as spikes in homelessness, unemployment and suicides in this population. Many argue there are too many barriers to mental health treatment in a society that stigmatizes mental illness and undervalues mental health care. Research supports this assertion, particularly within the Veteran population (Greene-Shortridge, Britt, Castro, 2007). System justification theory offers an explanation for why society stigmatizes mental illness in spite of the devastating consequences of treatment underutilization. As noted previously, system justification†¦show more content†¦It also cannot explain why society does not blame Veterans for their mental health problems. One possibility is that Veterans, even those with mental illness, are considered to be an advantaged group. Therefore, their suffering challenges the status quo and requires intervention. However, this argument is weak because it cannot explain why Veterans are stigmatized at all. Finally, the theory presumes that society values the status quo, so it cannot explain why a society might embroil itself in a long war. Veteran Mental Illness and Social Conflict Theory Most argue that rising rates of Veteran mental illness are a result of treatment access issues. As noted above, stigma around mental illness not only leads society to underfund mental health care, but it also prevents the mentally ill from seeking treatment. However, others have argued that stigma merely exacerbates a problem that is caused by something much larger: war itself. Jones (2013) maintains that war permanently changes those it touches, including soldiers and civilians. She suggests the mental health crisis among returning Veterans should be attributed to the lasting effects of combat exposure. War is easily explained through the lens of social conflict theory, a sociological theory that suggests society tends toward conflict because it is made up of groups with competing interests and unequal resources. The theory proposes that aShow MoreRelatedThe Advancement Of Medicine And Technology1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthat live w ith horrifying illnesses, death does not always seem to be the worst idea. Depression and other mental illnesses are known to drive victims into high stress situations and eventually suicide. Over 30,000 people in the United States die annually because of suicide, and considering ninety percent of those deaths have direct ties to mental illness; research must be done to fight mental diseases (NIH). Although first developed in 1938, electroconvulsive therapy remained too dangerous for scientistsRead MorePersonal Experience Of Science2166 Words   |  9 Pagesa sense that there was something more to be had than the rational present. Such complexity bred a wish for simpler solutions, smaller havens and understandable solutions (Brehm et al., ibid). And there began the long flight from rationalism, from theory into pragmatics (Omer Dar, 1992, cited in Dar, Serlin, Omer, 1994) where personal experience and feelings took center stage and evidence took the rear. My personal attitudes towards science echoed in many ways that process above, beginning byRead MoreCase110038 Words   |  41 Pagescuts to the budget and, in addition, reassess their long-term organizational strategy. One study analyzed the costs and benefits of different Pine Street programs; the other analyzed the length of stay for each newcomer to the Pine Street shelter system over a year-long period. Both studies were useful, Downie said, but data from the latter would prove life-altering for the 40-year-old homeless shelter, locally famous for its willingness to take in the most difficult and impaired segment of the   city’sRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesis inflicted by the group in its corporate capacity upon one who is regarded as a member of the same group. b. Punishment involves pain or suffering produced by designed and justified by some value that the suffering is assumed to have. ï  ½ THEORIES OF JUSTIFICATION OF PENALTIES: 1. Prevention. The state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger to the state arising from the criminal acts of the offender. 2. Self-defense. The state has the right to punish the criminal as a measure ofRead MorePros and Cons of Us Healthcare System10039 Words   |  41 PagesHealth Care System October 19, 2012 Table of Contents I. Problem/Issue Statement 5 II. Literature Review 6 III. Problem Analysis 22 A. Government involvement 22 B. Coverage and Access 24 C. Wait times 24 D. Price of health care 25 E. Medical professionals 26 F. Drugs 27 G. Technology 28 H. Malpractice Litigation 28 I. Health Care Outcome 29 IV. Solutions and Implementation 29 V. Justification 31 VI. References 35 Executive Summary In this paper, the USA healthcare system is beingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCourier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproductio n, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions DepartmentRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesand selection) †¢ Human resource development †¢ Compensation and benefits †¢ Safety and health †¢ Employee and labor relations †¢ Records maintaining, etc. †¢ HR research (providing a HR information base, designing and implementing employee communication system). †¢ Interrelationship of HR functions. A. What is human resource management? As we said that HRM is the management of people working in an organization, it is a subject related to human. For simplicity, we can say that it is the management of humansRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesexperts do say that stream water will be safe if you boil it for a minute or two. Giardia is caused by protozoa which can’t live for long at high temperature. Other micro-organisms can survive this heating, but they usually won’t cause any human illness. The reason people use water-purification tablets instead of boiling is for convenience; using the tablets avoids all the extra time for the water to boil and then later to cool to drinking temperature. Now lets turn to the principles of logicalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesII—MEDICARE BENEFICIARY IMPROVEMENTS Subtitle A—Improving and Simplifying Financial Assistance for Low Income Medicare Beneficiaries Subtitle B—Reducing Health Disparities Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting

The Moral Theory Of Utility - 969 Words

Union buster Marty Leavitt does not operate under the concept of ethics of utility. The ethics of utility, also known as utilitarianism, focuses on maximizing net social welfare by creating the greatest good for the greatest number (of people). This concept differs greatly from the goals the union buster’s set out to achieve. The moral theory of Utilitarianisms, also known as free market, is the belief that maximizing aggregate welfare, in which the greatest benefits are produced with the lowest costs compared to alternative actions. (Labor, pg. 185) This belief differs from the union buster, because his goals is to ensure that a union never comes into existences, by any means necessary. A union buster, uses illegal tactics such as counter organizing drives, to prevent nonunion employees from joining a union. One such tactic is divide and conquer, as he targets not only the employees to get the results he wants, but also their immediate supervisors. The union buster is driven by self-interest and cares little if nothing about the greater good, nor for the employees’ of whom will benefit from union representation. One such union suppression tactics used by union busters, is the use of inefficient or welfare-reducing behavior, by compromising ethical and legal standards. The union buster resorts to lies and deceit as a mean of making sure that an organization does not unionize. The ethics of liberty focuses on employees and their individual freedom. Employees have aShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill : The Theory Of Morals, Utility, And The Greatest Happiness Principle1439 Words   |  6 PagesThe utility test stems from the Utilitarian Principle where the consequences of one’s actions determine right or wrong; the ends justify the means. Utilitarian ideas primarily came to fruition in the eighteenth century as three of the most prominent utilitarian philosophers released their works within the same timeframe, all principally speaking to the greatest happiness principle. John Stuart Mill, a distinguished British philosopher of utilitarianism, once stated, â€Å"The creed which accepts asRead MoreKant And John Stuart Mill s Utility Based, Utilitarian Moral Theory1551 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most intriguing aspects of moral theory is not merely analyzing disagreements between renowned, intellectual giants, but examining the ways in which nea r polar ideologies can arise to similar conclusions based on vastly different rationales. Immanuel Kant s duty-based, deontological moral theory and John Stuart Mill s utility-based, utilitarian moral theory are prime examples of antithetical viewpoints that share similar outlooks to ethical subjects such as lying and helping those inRead MorePhilosophical Ethics Study Guide Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdescription of what utility means vs. disutility). i. Act Unitarianism → States that the morally right act in any given situation is the act that would produce the greatest overall utility in its consequences to that person. ii. Utility → Desirable consequences which are said to have positive utility iii. Disutility → Undesirable consequences, often associated with pain and suffering, are said to have negative utility 3. What is the moral saints problem? Which moral theory does it object toRead MoreThe Differences Between Moral Motivation1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe differences between moral motivation in Groundworks and Utilitarianism Among the history of moral philosophy, two major philosophers, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill from the 18th and 19th century have come up with two different moral theories for the moral philosophy. Kant had established his view of moral in his bookâ€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of morals† and claimed that motivation of an actions are based on duty and reason. On the other hand, Mill’s idea is that actions baseRead More Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesreflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethics. Immanuel Kants deonotological ethical theory assesses if actionsRead MoreNietzsche And Mill s Theory Of Morality Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pages Nietzsche and Mill have explored the theory of ‘morality’ from different perspectives. The two philosophers appear to get along that the notion ‘morality’ has been exploited to a great extent, though a little certainty has been provided on the issue. The two philosophers agree on the complexity of the issue. Mill’s theory of ethics is based on the concept of ‘utility. The philosopher provides the meaning of the idea as it has been largely perverted. Nietzsche stipulates that ‘morality’ is notRead MoreRelationship Between The Principle Of Utility And Moral Rules1462 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the relationship between the principle of utility and moral rules. In this essay I will argue that Mill thinks that there is a strong relationship between the two concepts, although he regards moral rules as having a subordinate relationship towards the principle of utility. Mill is a rule utilitarian who believes moral rules are useful guidelines for everyday uses, but reverts to the principle of utility in complex moral situations. In this essay I will also argue for the advantagesRead MoreExplain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks)843 Words   |  4 PagesExplain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks) A man called Jeremy Bentham had a theory called the ‘Utilitarianism theory’. He was born in London at the time of the great scientific and social change and wrote ‘The Principles of Morals and Legislation’ in 1789. Bentham had the theory that all humans seek pleasure and avoid pain at all costs. Utilitarianism has been described as an act or a rule rather than a theory. We break this down into three parts: -Motivation: Bentham was a hedonists (‘Hedone’Read MoreEthical Theories That We Have Taught Are Deontological Ethics And Utilitarianism1163 Words   |  5 Pages The two Contrasting ethical theories that we have studied are Deontological ethics and Utilitarianism. Deontological: Deon means obligation or duty; Logia means speech Whereas, Utilitarianism: means the greatest happiness of the greatest number †¢ Deontological ethical, according to deontologists certain actions are right or wrong in themselves and so there are absolute ethical standards that must be supported. The problems with this position are concerned with how we know which acts are wrongRead MoreJeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mills Mill On Utilitarianism872 Words   |  4 PagesMill on Utilitarianism â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Utilitarianism, Mill). This theory of Utilitarianism was generated by the original Utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Mill says: â€Å"Happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation

Dissecting Rick Kline’s “Bouncing Roundâ€Obama Talks up Economy…” Free Essays

Rick Klein’s writing deceptively looks like he merely pastes   together the   many sources of opinions he cites.  Ã‚   In this article, he starts a sequential process from   one initial   opinion, followed by   contrary viewpoints   that unravel the author’s intended meaning. The reader will however detect the meaning from relating all the juxtaposed opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissecting Rick Kline’s â€Å"Bouncing Round—Obama Talks up Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or any similar topic only for you Order Now At times   the opinions seem to clash against each other, but   actually they   progress towards a unified point.   Generally, the conclusions are not directly said, or not those that had been written, but the implications of all of them.   At times,   Klein presents a panorama of many ideas which cancel out one another, and the most likely logical ones stand out sometimes with the stroke of one most convincing opinion. The impressive point here is, the author never seems to   impose any opinion on his readers.   Hs readers conclude from the wide array of choices he presents. Formally now, let us classify the major divisions of his article on Obama cited in this study. He starts with a rhetorical question   enumerating significant topics –defense cuts, war funding, economic stimulus, immigration push— which he dissects one by one more extensively throughout the essay.   From there the author tackles the issue in the same order as the way he laid them down as rhetorical questions. Klein implies his sympathy for Obama all throughout   the essay,   but again he does this   through   quoted writers.   For example he starts a topic with this quote:   Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The ailing financial system†¦. showed tentative signs of strength †¦.† –quoting a Washington Post article by Shin and Merle.   Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThen follow   four more endorsements of the economy as showing positive signs. He clearly agrees, but not without giving you some relief of skepticism.   And this he does with†¦.. A dampener in the next topic:   â€Å"Will it work?   Paul Krugman, skeptical again†¦.†Ã‚  Ã‚   Followed by several paragraphs   that clearly intend to cast some doubts on the economic recovery†¦.. And yet the doubts are meant to subtly enforce the impression that Obama is taking the right track. The subsequent paragraphs are indirect allusions to the difficulties of Obama in negotiating the difficulties ahead.   Some   problems suggested were:   the difficulty of asking Congress to increase the war budget, the risk he is taking in escalating the Afghanistan war,   Ã‚  Obama’s difficult task of appeasing the world, and his difficulties in dismantling the remnants of American abuse in Guantamano.   Again these opinions are not from the mouth of the author.   They were culled from several other writers. Then comes his subtle endorsement of Obama’s centrist positioning on domestic and international issues, now presented in terms of a Ronald Brownstein’s prescription that his solutions are likely to sustain public opinion, â€Å"if they accommodate diverse perspectives.†   The next paragraphs from various writers show Obama’s   difficulties, ending up with a depiction of the   hard choice he faced in having to defer immigration issues for at least a year.   And again, Klein presents the pros and cons from other writers’ mouths. Finally, Klein tackles   the significant issue of stimulus package, a key Obama initiative—among the major items of his initial rhetorical questions.   He starts by a defensive posturing of an Obama opponent.   The he cites opinions that weaken anti-Obama critics. Regardless of the apparent attempt to not sound like an Obama apologist, the net effect of the opinions presented   show that even the criticisms are in effect, â€Å"playing politics† against Obama,   in the word of another writer which Klein quotes ( ABC’s Teddy Davis). This sympathetic tone for Obama is clearly enforced when he cites Bill Sammon from Fox News†¦.   this time, radically giving   away   the author’s   sympathies:   He introduced this paragraph now as :   â€Å"Such a shame to see partisanship return†¦.† Coming not from another writer’s pen but from Klein’s himself, a give away. . The last rhetorical question was a petty subject:   When the first puppy would be brought to the White House?–presented as one of those â€Å"issues† the President was to face.  Ã‚   It also ended the article in   the spirit of the last rhetorical question:   Where will Obama   have his first Protestant Sunday service? How to cite Dissecting Rick Kline’s â€Å"Bouncing Round—Obama Talks up Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Papers

Demographics of Japan free essay sample

In the fall of 1962, Mr. Leonard Prescott, vice-president and general manager of the Weaver-Yamazaki Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. of Japan, was considering what action, if any, to take regarding his executive assistant, Mr. John Higgins. In Mr. Prescotts opinion, Mr. Higgins had been losing his effectiveness as one who was to represent the U.S. parent company because of his extraordinary identification with the Japanese culture. The Weaver Pharmaceutical Company was one of the outstanding concerns in the drug field in the United States. As a result of extensive research it had developed many important drugs and its product lines were constantly improved, giving the company a strong competitive advan ­tage. It also had extensive international operations throughout many parts of the world. Operations in Japan started in the early 1930s, though they were limited to sales activities. The Yamazaki Pharmaceutical House, a major pro ­ducer of drugs and chemicals in Japan, was the franchise distributor for Weavers products in Japan. Export sales to Japan were resumed in 1948. Due to its product superiority and the inability of major Japanese pharmaceutical houses to compete effectively because of lack of recovery from war damage, the Weaver Company was able to capture a substantial share of the market for its product categories. In order to prepare itself for increasingly keen competition from Japanese producers in the foreseeable future, the company decided to undertake local production of some of the product lines. From its many years of international experi ­ence, the company had learned that it could not hope to establish itself firmly in a foreign coun ­try until it began manufacturing locally. Consequently, in 1953 the company began its preliminary negotiations with the Yamazaki Company Ltd., which culminated in the establishment of a jointly owned and operated manufacturing subsidiary. The company, known as the Weaver-Yamazaki Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. of Japan, was officially organized in the summer of 1954. Initially, the new company only manufac ­tured a limited line of products. However, through the combined effort of both parent com ­panies, the subsidiary soon began to manufacture sufficiently broad lines of products to fill the general demands of the Japanese market. For the last several years, importation from the United States had been limited to highly spe ­cialized items. The company did a substantial amount of re ­search and development work on its own, though it was coordinated through a committee set up by the representatives or both parent com ­panies to avoid unnecessary duplication or re ­search effort The RD group at the subsidiary had turned out a substantial number of new products, some of which were marketed successfully in the United States and elsewhere. The management of the Weaver Company looked upon the Japanese operations as one of the most successful international ventures it had undertaken. It felt that the future prospect looked quite promising with steady improve ­ment in the standard of living in Japan. The subsidiary was headed by Mr. Shozo Suzuki, as president, and Mr. Leonard Prescott as executive vice-president. Since Mr. Suzuki was executive vice-president of the parent com ­pany and also was president of several other subsidiaries, his participation in the company was limited to determination of basic policies. Day-to-day operations were managed by Mr. Prescott as executive vice-president and general manager. He had an American executive assis ­tant, Mr. Higgins, and several Japanese directors who assisted him in various phases of the oper ­ations. Though several other Americans were assigned to the Japanese ventures, they were primarily concerned with research and develop ­ment and held no overall management responsi ­bilities. The Weaver Company had a policy of moving American personnel around from one foreign post to another with occasional tours of duty in the international division of the home office. The period they spent in a country generally ranged from three to five years. Since there were only a limited number of Americans working in the international operations of the company, the personnel policy was rather flexible. For example, it frequently allowed a man to stay in the country for an indefinite period of time, if he desired to. As a result of this policy, there were, though few in number, those Americans who had stayed in one foreign post over 10 years. The working relationship with the Japanese executives had been generally satisfactory, though there had been a number of minor irritations, which the companies believed were to be expected from any joint venture. The represen ­tatives of both parent companies were well aware or these pitfalls and tried to work out solutions to these problems amicably. Mr. Leonard Prescott arrived in Japan in 1960 to replace Mr. Richard Densely who had been in Japan since 1954. Mr. Prescott had been described as an old hand at international work, having spent most of his 25-year career with the company in its international work. He had served in India, the Philippines and Mexico prior to coming to Japan. He had also spent sev ­eral years in the international division of the company in New York. He was delighted with the challenge to expand further the Japanese op ­erations. After two years of experience in Japan, he was pleased with the progress the company had made and felt a certain sense of accom ­plishment in developing a smooth functioning organization. He became concerned, however with the no ­table changes in Mr. Higgins attitude and thinking. Mr. Higgins, in the opinion of Mr. Prescott, had absorbed and internalized the Japanese culture to such a point where he had lost the United States point of view and orientation. He had gone native, so to speak, in Japan which re ­sulted in a substantial loss of his administrative effectiveness as a bi-cultural and -lingual exec ­utive assistant Mr. Higgins was born in a small Midwestern town. After completing his high school education there in 1950, he went on to attend a large state university nearby, where he planned to major in accounting. During his junior year at col ­lege, he was drafted into the Army. After his ba ­sic training, he was given an opportunity to attend the Army Language School for an inten ­sive training in a foreign language, providing that he would extend his period of enlistment for another year. Since he had taken much interest in foreign languages, primarily German and Spanish during his high school and college days, he decided to volunteer for this assign ­ment, knowing that the Army would decide the language for him to study. He was enrolled in. a Japanese language section with several others. After fifteen months of intensive training in the language, he was assigned as an interpreter and translator to the Intelligence Detachment in Tokyo. Shortly after he arrived in Tokyo, he was se ­lected to do more intensive work with Japanese and he attended an advanced course emphasiz ­ing reading and writing. By the time he com ­pleted the program, he was able to read news-papers and political and economic journals of a fairly sophisticated level. His assignment at the Intelligence unit consisted primarily of going over Japanese newspapers and periodicals and translating those parts which were of interest to the United States Army. While he was in Japan, he took evening courses in the Japanese lan ­guage, literature and history at a well-known Japanese university in Tokyo. At the same time, he acquired many Japanese friends whom he visited quite frequently in his off-duty time. He thoroughly fell in love with the Japanese culture and determined to return to live in Japan for some time. Immediately upon his release from the Armed Forces in 1957, he returned to college to resume his education. Though he had thought seriously about majoring in Japanese, upon close examination, he decided against it for sev ­eral reasons. First of all, he felt that majoring in the language would limit his career to teaching or to specialized forms of government service, neither of which he wanted. Secondly, this would mean many more years of intensive grad ­uate study leading to a terminal degree. Finally, he was desirous of using the language as a means rather than as an end in itself. For these reasons, he decided to finish his college work in business management. In 1958 he graduated from the university with honor and took a position as a management trainee with the International Division of the Weaver Pharmaceutical Company. The com ­pany had a policy of assigning new international trainees to domestic operations for a period of six months to get him acquainted with the overall company operations. They then were given six months to one year training at the InternationalDivision of the company in New York prior to an assignment overseas. In the fall of 1959, Mr. Higgins, having successfully completed both of the training programs, was assigned to the Japanese operations as executive assistant to the general manager, Mr. Richard Densely. He was pleased with his first overseas as ­signment. He was anxious to return to Japan not only because of his interest in the Japanese lan ­guage and culture, but also for the opportunity to do something about improving the Ugly American image many Americans had created in Japan. Because of his ability of the language and his intense interest in Japan he was able to assess the attitude toward the United States of far broader segments of the Japanese population than was possible for many. He noted that Americans had a tendency of imposing their value systems, ideals and thinking patterns upon the Japanese, because many of them were under the illusion that anything American was univer ­sally right and applicable. They did not, in his opinion, show much desire to understand and appreciate the finer points of the Japanese cul ­ture. Generally their adaptations to the Japanese culture did not so beyond developing a taste for a few typical Japanese dishes or learning a few simple Japanese sentences. He had felt indig ­nant on numerous occasions over the inconsid ­erate attitudes of many Americans he had ob ­served in Japan and was determined to do something about it. His responsibilities as executive assistant un ­der Mr. Densely covered a wide scope of activities ranging from trouble shooting with major Japanese customers, attending trade meetings, negotiating with the government officials, con ­ducting marketing research projects and helping out Mr. Densely in day-to-day administration of the firm. Mr. Densely was well pleased with Mr. Higgins performance and relied heavily upon his judgment because of his keen insight into Japan. When Mr. Prescott took over the Japanese operations in 1960, he found Mr. Higgins assis ­tance indispensable in many aspects of the operations. For the next two years, he depended much upon Mr. Higgins advice on many difficult and complex administrative and organizational problems. Mr. Prescott found him to be a capable administrative assistant and staff member. However, Mr. Prescott began to note a gradual change in Mr. Higgins basic values and attitude. Mr. Higgins, in Mr. Prescotts opinion, had become critical of the companys policy in managing the Japanese operations and Prescott became increasingly apprehensive of his effectiveness as an executive assistant. He attributed this change to his complete emotional involvement with the Japanese culture, with a consequent loss of objectivity and identification with the U.S. point of view.

What Is the History of Easter Essay Example

What Is the History of Easter Essay If Easter is a holiday that was created because of Jesus, then where did all the eggs and bunnies come from? Well, as I have said many, many times before, Christianity is based on much older religious texts. (Many of which were destroyed to keep the origins of Christianity a secret. Hence why theyve burned so many libraries throughout history) If you want to know the long, drawn out history of Easter, then I shall share it below. Easter History : Christian and Pagan Traditions Interwoven The history of Easter reveals rich associations between the Christian faith and the seemingly unrelated practices of the early pagan religions. Easter history and traditions that we practice today evolved from pagan symbols, from the ancient goddess Ishtar to Easter eggs and the Easter bunny. Easter, perhaps the most important of the Christian holidays, celebrates the Christs resurrection from the dead following his death on Good Friday. . . a rebirth that is commemorated around the vernal equinox, historically a time of pagan celebration that coincides with the arrival of spring and symbolizes the arrival of light and the awakening of life around us. Ostara, Goddess of Spring and the Dawn (Oestre / Eastre) Easter is named for a Saxon goddess who was known by the names of Oestre or Eastre, and in Germany by the name of Ostara. She is a goddess of the dawn and the spring, and her name derives from words for dawn, the shining light arising from the east. Our words for the female hormone estrogen derives from her name. Ostara was, of course, a fertility goddess. Bringing in the end of winter, with the days brighter and growing longer after the vernal equinox, Ostara had a passion for new life. Her presence was felt in the flowering of plants and the birth of babies, both animal and human. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the History of Easter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the History of Easter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the History of Easter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rabbit (well known for its propensity for rapid reproduction) was her sacred animal. Easter eggs and the Easter Bunny both featured in the spring festivals of Ostara, which were initially held during the feasts of the goddess Ishtar | Inanna. Eggs are an obvious symbol of fertility, and the newborn chicks an adorable representation of new growth. Brightly colored eggs, chicks, and bunnies were all used at festival time to express appreciation for Ostaras gift of abundance. History of Easter Eggs and Easter Candy The history of Easter Eggs as a symbol of new life should come as no surprise. The notion that the Earth itself was hatched from an egg was once widespread and appears in creation stories ranging from Asian to Ireland. Eggs, in ancient times in Northern Europe, were a potent symbol of fertility and often used in rituals to guarantee a womans ability to bear children. To this day rural grannywomen (lay midwives/healers in the Appalachian mountains) still use eggs to predict, with uncanny accuracy, the sex of an unborn child by watching the rotation of an egg as it is suspended by a string over the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Dyed eggs are given as gifts in many cultures. Decorated eggs bring with them a wish for the prosperity of the abundance during the coming year. Folklore suggests that Easter egg hunts arose in Europe during the Burning Times, when the rise of Christianity led to the shunning (and persecution) of the followers of the Old Religion. Instead of giving the eggs as gifts the adults made a game of hiding them, gathering the children together and encouraging them to find the eggs. Some believe that the authorities seeking to find the heathens would follow or bribe the children to reveal where they found the eggs so that the property owner could be brought to justice. Green Eggs . . . . . . and Ham The meat that is traditionally associated with Easter is ham. Though some might argue that ham is served at Easter since it is a Christian meat, (prohibited for others by the religious laws of Judaism and Islam) the origin probably lies in the early practices of the pagans of Northern Europe. Having slaughtered and preserved the meat of their agricultural animals during the Blood Moon celebrations the previous autumn so they would have food throughout the winter months, they would celebrate the occasion by using up the last of the remaining cured meats. In anticipation that the arrival of spring with its emerging plants and wildlife would provide them with fresh food in abundance, it was customary for many pagans to begin fasting at the time of the vernal equinox, clearing the poisons (and excess weight) produced by the heavier winter meals that had been stored in their bodies over the winter. Some have suggested that the purpose of this fasting may have been to create a sought-after state of altered consciousness in time for the spring festivals. One cannot but wonder if this practice of fasting might have been a forerunner of giving up foods during the Lenten season. Chocolate Easter bunnies and eggs, marshmallow chicks in pastel colors, and candy of all sorts, most of which are given out as personalized gifts during Easter . . . these have pagan origins as well! To understand their association with religion we need to examine the meaning of food as a symbol. The ancient belief that, by eating something we take on its characteristics formed the basis for the earliest blessings before meals (a way to honor the life that had been sacrificed so that we as humans could enjoy life) and, presumably, for the more recent Christian sacrament of communion as well. Shaping candy Easter eggs and bunnies to celebrate the spring festival was, simply put, a way to celebrate the symbols of the goddess and the season, while laying claim to their strengths (vitality, growth, and fertility) for ourselves. The Goddess Ostara and the Easter Bunny Feeling guilty about arriving late one spring, the Goddess Ostara saved the life of a poor bird whose wings had been frozen by the snow. She made him her pet or, as some versions have it, her lover. Filled with compassion for him since he could no longer fly (in some versions, it was because she wished to amuse a group of young children), Ostara turned him into a snow hare and gave him the gift of being able to run with incredible speed so he could protect himself from hunters. In remembrance of his earlier form as a bird, she also gave him the ability to lay eggs (in all the colors of the rainbow, no less), but only on one day out of each year. Eventually the hare managed to anger the goddess Ostara, and she cast him into the skies where he would remain as the constellation Lepus (The Hare) forever positioned under the feet of the constellation Orion (the Hunter). He was allowed to return to earth once each year, but only to give away his eggs to the children attending the Ostara festivals that were held each spring. The tradition of the Easter Bunny had begun. The Hare was sacred in many ancient traditions and was associated with the moon goddesses and the various deities of the hunt. In ancient times eating the Hare was prohibited except at Beltane (Celts) and the festival of Ostara (Anglo-Saxons), when a ritual hare-hunt would take place. In many cultures rabbits, like eggs, were considered to be potent remedies for fertility problems. The ancient philosopher-physician Pliny the Elder prescribed rabbit meat as a cure for female sterility, and in some cultures the genitals of a hare were carried to avert barrenness. Medieval Christians considered the hare to bring bad fortune, saying witches changed into rabbits in order to suck the cows dry. It was claimed that a witch could only be killed by a silver crucifix or a bullet when she appeared as a hare. Given their mad leaping and boxing displays during mating season as well as their ability to produce up to 42 offspring each spring, it is understandable that they came to represent lust, sexuality, and excess in general. Medieval Christians considered the hare to be an evil omen, believing that witches changed into rabbits in order to suck the cows dry. It was claimed that a witch could only be killed by a silver crucifix or a bullet when she appeared as a hare. In later Christian tradition the white Hare, when depicted at the Virgin Marys feet, represents triumph over lust or the flesh. The rabbits vigilance and speed came to represent the need to flee from sin and temptation and a reminder of the swift passage of life. And, finally, there is a sweet Christian legend about a young rabbit who, for three days, waited anxiously for his friend, Jesus, to return to the Garden of Gethsemane, not knowing what had become of him. Early on Easter morning, Jesus returned to His favorite garden and was welcomed the little rabbit. That evening when the disciples came into the garden to pray, still unaware of the resurrection, they found a clump of beautiful larkspurs, each blossom bearing the image of a rabbit in its center as a remembrance of the little creatures hope and faith. Ishtar, Goddess of Love, and the First Resurrection (also known as Inanna) Ishtar, goddess of romance, procreation, and war in ancient Babylon, was also worshipped as the Sumerian goddess Inanna. One of the great goddesses, or mother goddesses, the stories of her descent to the Underworld and the resurrection that follows are contained in the oldest writings that have ever been discovered. . . the Babylonian creation myth Enuma Elish and the story of Gilgamesh. Scholars believed that they were based on the oral mythology of the region and were recorded about 2,100 B. C. E. The most famous of the myths of Ishtar tell of her descent into the realm of the dead to rescue her young lover, Tammuz, a Vegetation god forced to live half the year in the Underworld. Ishtar approached the gates of the Underworld, which was ruled by her twin sister Eresh-kigel, the goddess of death and infertility. She was refused admission. Similar to the Greek myths of Demeter and Persephone that came later, during Ishtars absence the earth grew barren since all acts of procreation ceased while she was away. Ishtar screamed and ranted that she would break down the gates and release all of the dead to overwhelm the world and compete with the living for the remaining food unless she was allowed to enter and plead her case with her twin. Needless to say, she won admission. But the guard, following standard protocol, refused to let her pass through the first gate unless she removed her crown. At the next gate, she had to remove her earrings, then her necklace at the next, removing her garments and proud finery until she stood humbled and naked after passing through the seventh (and last) gate. In one version, she was held captive and died but was brought back to life when her servant sprinkled her with the water of life. In the more widely known version of the myth, Ishtars request was granted and she regained all of her attire and possessions as she slowly re-emerged through the gates of darkness. Upon her return, Tammuz and the earth returned to life. Annual celebrations of this Day of Joy, were held each year around the time of the vernal equinox. These celebrations became the forerunners of the Ostara festivals that welcomed Oestre and the arrival of spring. A section on the Goddess Inanna (the Sumerian version of the Goddess Ishtar), her myths and symbols, is included with the myths of the goddesses at this website. Easter eggs, the Easter Bunny, the dawn that arrives with resurrection of life, and the celebration of spring all serve to remind us of the cycle of rebirth and the need for renewal in our lives. In the history of Easter, Christian and pagan traditions are gracefully interwoven.